|
D.V.
|
External Knowledge Sharing (EKS)
|
|---|
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4a
|
Model 4b
|
Model 4c
|
|---|
|
Constant
|
2.221***
|
1.913***
|
2.340***
|
2.399***
|
2.045***
|
2.471***
|
|
-0.468
|
(0.453)
|
(0.473)
|
(0.489)
|
(0.487)
|
(0.469)
|
|
Control variable
|
|
Industry
|
-0.083
|
-0.246
|
-0.140
|
-0.139
|
-0.095
|
-0.201
|
|
(0.226)
|
(0.220)
|
(0.219)
|
(0.220)
|
(0.217)
|
(0.218)
|
|
Age
|
-0.195
|
-0.152
|
-0.169
|
-0.175
|
-0.175
|
-0.175
|
|
(0.149)
|
(0.142)
|
(0.140)
|
(0.141)
|
(0.137)
|
(0.137)
|
|
Size
|
0.130*
|
0.113†
|
0.198
|
0.096
|
0.097
|
0.083
|
|
(0.064)
|
(0.061)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.059)
|
(0.059)
|
|
Western dummy
|
0.443*
|
0.242
|
0.185
|
0.204
|
0.166
|
0.124
|
|
(0.201)
|
(0.200)
|
(0.200)
|
(0.205)
|
(0.197)
|
(0.199)
|
|
R&D-Sales ratio
|
-0.676
|
-0.759
|
-1.124
|
-1.233
|
-1.749
|
-0.384
|
|
(2.091)
|
(1.983)
|
(1.945)
|
(1.965)
|
(1.937)
|
(1.948)
|
|
Overseas sales ratio
|
-0.341
|
-0.172
|
-0.105
|
-0.145
|
0.245
|
0.133
|
|
(0.576)
|
(0.548)
|
(0.541)
|
(0.549)
|
(0.559)
|
(0.536)
|
|
Single region dummy
|
-0.097
|
-0.035
|
0.016
|
0.019
|
-0.161
|
-0.005
|
|
(0.532)
|
(0.505)
|
(0.496)
|
(0.498)
|
(0.495)
|
(0.488)
|
|
Moderator
|
|
“R Task”
| |
0.617***
|
0.431*
|
0.397†
|
0.692**
|
0.252
|
| |
(0.185)
|
(0.193)
|
(0.206)
|
(0.230)
|
(0.210)
|
|
Independent variable
|
|
Top management
| | |
-0.443
|
-0.661
|
-0.404
|
-0.446
|
| | |
(0.329)
|
(0.542)
|
(0.324)
|
(0.324)
|
|
Divisional HQ
| | |
-0.567*
|
-0.580*
|
-0.225
|
-0.664**
|
| | |
(0.220)
|
(0.223)
|
(0.275)
|
(0.222)
|
|
Regional HQ
| | |
-0.126
|
-0.129
|
-0.081
|
-0.679†
|
| | |
(0.231)
|
(0.232)
|
(0.228)
|
(0.358)
|
|
Corporate R&D HQ [baseline]
| | | | | | |
|
Interaction term
|
|
R Task * Top management
| | | |
0.333
| | |
| | | |
(0.657)
| | |
|
R Task * Divisional HQ
| | | | |
-0.826*
| |
| | | | |
(0.409)
| |
|
R Task * Regional HQ
| | | | | |
0.880*
|
| | | | | |
(0.441)
|
|
Max VIF
|
1.306
|
1.306
|
1.567
|
3.192
|
2.522
|
3.159
|
|
R²
|
0.101
|
0.200
|
0.263
|
0.265
|
0.296
|
0.296
|
|
Adj R²
|
0.032
|
0.129
|
0.170
|
0.163
|
0.198
|
0.197
|
|
df
|
7
|
8
|
11
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
|
F
|
1.465
|
2.819
|
2.822
|
2.586
|
3.018
|
3.008
|
|
sig
|
0.190
|
0.008
|
0.003
|
0.006
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
- Standard Errors in parentheses; *** p<0.001; ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; † p<0.10
- ※ The coefficients and the signs of the independent variables indicate the differing effects of each independent variable relative to corporate R&D HQ as a baseline
