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Table 8 Main results with all coefficients. The main results testing the three hypotheses are provided with all the control variables and their estimated coefficients. All the distance variables are multiplied by − 1 in the regression to allow their interpretation as proximity. Hence, the positive coefficients of the distance variables mean proximity improves innovation performance
From: Extending the role of headquarters beyond the firm boundary: entrepreneurial alliance innovation
| Dependent variable: Forward Citation Count | (8.1) | (8.2) | (8.3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothesis tested: | H1 | H2 | H3 |
| Distance CHQ to Startup | 28.415* | 27.902* | 26.108* |
| (14.748) | (14.631) | (13.997) | |
| Distance CHQ to Startup × CHQ R&D Function | − 4.861*** | − 4.372** | |
| (1.812) | (1.859) | ||
| Distance CHQ to Startup × CHQ R&D Function × Horizontal Alliance | − 7.766* | ||
| (4.580) | |||
| Distance CHQ to Startup × Horizontal Alliance | 2.310 | ||
| (5.791) | |||
| Distance CHQ to Startup × CHQ Consolidated | 6.399** | 6.247** | 6.264** |
| (3.145) | (3.127) | (3.139) | |
| Distance Subsidiary to Startup (Closest) | − 6.703** | − 6.871** | − 6.789** |
| (3.378) | (3.442) | (3.435) | |
| CHQ R&D Function | − 7.515 | − 8.428 | − 8.458 |
| (7.118) | (7.020) | (7.046) | |
| Horizontal Alliance | 33.073** | 33.342** | 28.249** |
| (15.205) | (14.650) | (13.652) | |
| CHQ Consolidated | 14.503* | 14.898* | 14.940* |
| (7.976) | (7.855) | (7.870) | |
| Alliance Exploitation | 17.841 | 19.429 | 18.658 |
| (20.017) | (19.608) | (19.464) | |
| Alliance Equity and Joint Venture | − 59.582*** | − 58.580*** | − 59.644*** |
| (16.772) | (16.357) | (16.815) | |
| Alliance Duration | 1.456 | 1.497 | 1.613 |
| (2.189) | (2.139) | (2.143) | |
| Incumbent Subsidiary Dispersion | − 0.063 | − 0.069 | − 0.071 |
| (0.289) | (0.287) | (0.287) | |
| Incumbent Portfolio Dispersion | 1.223 | 1.224 | 1.194 |
| (1.573) | (1.525) | (1.532) | |
| Incumbent Patent Count (Five-Year Lagged) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
| Incumbent Age | − 0.303** | − 0.293** | − 0.293** |
| (0.128) | (0.126) | (0.126) | |
| Incumbent Size (Logged) | 0.074 | 0.333 | 0.540 |
| (4.710) | (4.673) | (4.682) | |
| Incumbent Acquired | 86.877*** | 85.270*** | 85.134*** |
| (13.787) | (13.968) | (13.947) | |
| Startup Portfolio Dispersion | − 33.694 | − 33.591 | − 33.367 |
| (34.282) | (34.246) | (34.449) | |
| Startup Patent Count (Five-Year Lagged) | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| (0.078) | (0.077) | (0.077) | |
| Startup Age | − 0.418 | − 0.399 | − 0.349 |
| (0.408) | (0.404) | (0.375) | |
| Startup Size (Binary) | 2.490 | 3.284 | 3.341 |
| (4.986) | (4.958) | (4.936) | |
| Startup Manufacturing | 42.374*** | 42.363*** | 41.955*** |
| (8.886) | (8.818) | (8.725) | |
| Startup Capital Investment (Cumulative) | − 0.040 | − 0.039 | − 0.045 |
| (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.030) | |
| Startup–incumbent fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Startup location fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Incumbent location fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 1478 | 1478 | 1478 |
| Number of startup–incumbent dyads | 377 | 377 | 377 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.750 | 0.752 | 0.752 |
